Irish Class, May 18, 2009

Rang Gaeilge, 18ú lá Mí na Bealtaine

<!–

Fadas: áéíóúÁÉÍÓÚ

–>

Administrivia

• No class 5/25
• Last Spring class at Central 6/1
• Summer meeting location: Loring Park Dunn Bros.
• Winona 7/17-19
• First Fall class at Central 9/14

---

fós/feasta/7rl

fós	still, yet
Ar ith tú an fheoil fós?	Did you eat the meat yet?
Ithim feoil fós	I still eat meat.
Ní ithim feoil fós	I don’t eat meat yet.
feasta	anymore [with negative verb], from now on [with positive verb]	Used at the end of the sentence.
Ní bheid mé ag ithe feola feasta	I will not be eating meat any more.	feoil here is the object of a verbal noun, so it is in the genitive.
Beidh mé seacláide feasta.	I will be eating chocolate from now on.
An itheann tú feoil feasta?	Do you eat meat anymore?
Íosfaidh mé feoil feasta.	I’ll eat meat from now on.
Ní íosfaidh mé feoil feasta.	I won’t eat meat anymore.
níos mó	any more	Comp. of mór. From English. feasta is better
Ní cloisim níos mó é.	I don’t hear him anymore.	é at end—Irish often does that with pronouns
Níl obair agam níos mó	I don’t have work anymore.
tuilleadh	addition, increase, more	Noun—m1. Following noun in gen. Can stand alone. Adverbial form: a thuilleadh
tuilleadh feola	more meat
tuilleadh ama	more time
Níl uibheacha ann a thuilleadh.	There are no more eggs.
An bhfuil tuilleadh aráin ann?	Is there any more bread left?
An bhfuil tuilleadh ann?	Is there any more left?
An maith leat tuilleadh tae?	Would you like more tea?	Or Ar mhaith leat tuilleadh tae? See this note.
Tá tuilleadh airgid agam.	I have more money.
Níl airgead agam a thuilleadh.	I don’t have any more money.

tae	tea	m4 gs: tae. npl gpl: taenna. Sc.G. gs tasa
Tá tae ann.	There is tea.
bog	adj. soft, v. move	vn. bogadh
cathaoir	chair	f gs: cathaoireach. npl, gpl: cathaoireacha
mol	v. praise	vn. moladh

---

Verbal nouns again

Reverse engineering the verb from the verbal noun: If the vn ends in -adh the
verb is probably 1^st conjugation. If it ends in -ú is probably
2^nd — Stem ending in -(a)igh.

In class we worked with bog “move.” This complicates things because it can be
both transitive and intransitive: “I moved” vs. “I moved the chair.” My notes are somewhat
confused. I am replacing them with the
examples Wes posted on the web site.

We looked at a 4-fold pattern:

1. Simple, bare form of bí. Noun as object
2. Simple, bare form of bí. Corresponding pronoun as object
3. Modal form. Noun as object
4. Modal form. Corresponding pronoun as object

Feminine object (singular)

1	Bhí muid ag ceannach na feola.	We were buying the meat
2	Bhí muid á ceannach.	We were buying it.
3	Bhí orainn an fheoil a cheannach.	We had to buy the meat.
4	Bhí orainn í a cheannach.	We had to buy it.

Masculine object (singular)

1	Tá sibh ag múchadh an tsolais.	You are turning out the light.
2	Tá sibh á mhúchadh.	You are turning it out.
3	Caithfidh sibh an solas a mhúchadh.	You will have to turn out the light.
4	Caithfidh sibh é a mhúchadh.	You will have to turn it out.

Plural object (Gender does not matter)

1	Tá sibh ag múchadh na soilse.	You are turning out the lights.
2	Tá sibh á múchadh.	You are turning them out.
3	Caithfidh sibh na soilse a mhúchadh.	You will have to turn out the lights.
4	Caithfidh sibh iad a mhúchadh.	You will have to turn them out.

Analysis

1. The (noun) object follows the verbal noun. Since we then have one noun following the other
   (the verbal noun is a noun), the second noun (the object) must be in the genitive.

2. The recipe:
   1. Replace noun by pronoun, also in genitive (possessive) form.
   2. Move this object pronoun immediately in front of the verbal noun.
   3. Replace ag by do.
   4. The verbal noun is now possessed by the pronoun. Hence it must have the appropriate mutations,
      based on number and gender, of any noun so possessed.
   5. Apply contractions as needed: do a → á, do ar → dár
      

      mo chara	my friend	do mo cheannach	“buy me”
      do chara	your friend	do do cheannach	“buy you”
      a chara	his friend	á cheannach	“buy him/it”
      a cara	her friend	á ceannach	“buy her/it”
      a gcara	their friend	á gceannach	“buy them”
      ár gcara	our friend	dár gceannach	“buy us”
      bhur gcara	your [pl.] friend	do bhur gceannach	“buy you” [pl.]

      
      

3. Modal construction. Often, but not always based on bí. Both
   bí + ar and caith can mean “must” or “have to”.

   1. The object (noun or pronoun) is moved in front of the verbal noun.
   2. ag is replaced by a “that”.
   3. The verbal noun is always lenited. This is not the same as as the lenition by
      possession in (2) above.

   So the order is [object] + a + [lenited verbal noun].

4. The hard work was done in (3) above. Here you just replace the object by
   é/í/iad as appropriate.

See Basic
Irish, chapters 19 and 20, for more on the subject.

solas	light	m1 gs:solais, an tsolais. npl: soilse
las	light	v
múch	extinguish, turn off	vn múchadh
obair	work	f gs: oibre
eagla	fear, fright	f4

Beidh an muinteoir ag moladh na hoibre.	The teacher will be praising the work.	Note gen oibre
Beidh an muinteoir &aacute moladh.	The teacher will be praising it	obair is fem., so moladh is not lenited.
Is deacair leis an muinteoir an obair a mholadh.	It is difficult for the teacher to praise the work.	copula has same form for pres. and fut.
Is deacair leis an muinteoir í a mholadh.	It is difficult for the teacher to praise it.

Las na soilse.	Turn on the lights.
Bhí Seorais ag múchadh an tsolais.	George was turning off the light.	an tsolais: gen. because it follows the vn.
Bhí sé á mhúchadh.	He was turning it off.	mhúchadh because solas is masc.
Bhí eagla air an solas a mhúchadh.	He was afraid to turn off the light.	solas is not in the genitive.
Bhí eagla air é a mhúchadh.	He was afraid to turn it off.

Autonomous form

Múchtar an solas.	The light is turned off.
Múchfar an solas.	The light will be turned off.
Múchadh an solas.	The light was turned off.	Looks like the vn., but is a completely different form.
Rugadh mé i ….	I was born in ….

---

Initial mutations after the definite article — an/na

Masculine nouns

Beginning with …	Base form (an)	Genitive (an)
… a vowel	t	—
… a consonant	—	lenited, except for t and d
… s	—	t

Feminine noums

Beginning with …	Base form (an)	Genitive (na)
… a vowel	—	h
… a consonant	lenited, except for t and d	—
… s	t	—

All plural nouns

Beginning with …	Base form (na)	Genitive (na)
… a vowel	h	n
… a consonant	—	eclipsed
… s	—	—

---

coicís seo chugainn

a fortnight from now

chugainn ← chuig

Subjunctive is the form in wishes:

Go n-éirí an bóthar leat. May the road rise up to meet
you.

Go n-éirí ← éirigh