Irish Class, August 24, 2009

Rang Gaeilge, 24ú lá Mí na Lúnasa

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Fadas: áéíóúÁÉÍÓÚ

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Reamhfhocail arís — Prepositions yet again

This is the same table we have been working on through the summer. I have been repeating it to keep a
cumulative copy of all the additional notes that came up in each class. This time we worked on
gan, go, go dt&iacute , seachas, & idir.

Réamhfhocail — Prepositions

		singular indefinite	singular definite	plural indefinite	plural definite
ag	at	ag páiste	ag an bpáiste	ag páistí	ag na páistí
as	out of, from	as bosca	as an mbosca	as boscaí	as na boscaí
let	with	le bosca le hÚna	leis an mosca	le boscaí	leis na boscaí
ó	out of, from	ó bhaile	ón mbaile	ó bhailte	ó na bhailte
arv	on, to	ar chlár	ar an gclár	ar chláir	ar na cláir
roimhv	before	roimh bhalla	roimh an mballa	roimh bhallí	roimh na ballí
thrícv	through	thrí bhosca	thríd an mbosca	thrí bhoscaí	thrí na boscaí
faoi	under, about	faoi bhord	faoin mbord	faoi bhoird	faoi na boird
thar	past	thar fhear	thar an bhfear	thar fhir	thar na fir
de /gə/ except after dentals. Then /də/	of, from	de bhróg d’úll	den bhróg den t-úll /gən/	de bhróga d’úlla	de na bróga de na h-úa
do /gə/ except after dentals. Then /də/	for	do pheann d’am	don pheann don t-am /gən/	do phinn d’amanna	do na pinn do nah-amanna
in	in	i bpota “in a pot” in abhainn “in a river”	sa bpota “in the pot” san abhainn “in the river”	i gcathracha	sna cathracha
ganv	without	gan bhean gan bean eile	gan an bean	gan bhróga gan bróga nua	gan na bróga
goc go dt&iacute	toward, until	go Sasana go hEireann	go dtí an teach		go dtí na tithe
seachas	except	seachas fear	seachas an fear	seachas fir	seachas na fir
idir	between	idir bord idir fuinneog	idir an bord idir an fhuinneog	idir boird idir fuinneoga	idir na boird idir na fuinneoga

Notes

• Eclipsis with singular definite articles does not apply to nouns beginning with
  t-, d- & s-.
• Superscripts in the 1^st column refer to sounds that used to be part of the language but
  are now gone. c: consonant, v: vowel. Others (t, n)
  mean the specific letter given, e.g. le was once let.
• thríd is aspirated. Almost /s’ri:d’/ .

• When the following noun begins with a vowel, i → in, sa → san.
  sna prefixes h- (with the hyphen) to the noun.

• do & de
  • Both end in vowel, hence the following consonant is lenited.
  • Both pronounced /gə/ in front of consonants. Note vowel forms above
  • do do “for your”, de do “of your”: /gə də/
  • They behave similarly, and are tending to merge in modern spoken Irish.

• gan ← gana. gan: Lenites a
  bare noun
  (except dentals), because there
  was that final a in gana. If the noun has an
  adjective, or is followed by another noun in a genitive construction, there is no lenition.

  gan an bean	“without the woman”	contrast an bhean
  gan bean bheag	without a little woman	note bheag (adj.) is lenited bean is f
  gan charr	without a car
  gan carr nua	without a new car
  gan carr beag	without a small car	carr is m
  gan doras	without a door	dental
  gan dabht	without a doubt
  gan fhuinneog	without a window
  gan fuinneog mhór	without a big window
  gan fuinneogí móra	without big windows

• go is cognate to comh- “mutual, joint, common, co-” and Latin
  cum.
  go dtí ← com tí (result
  of the nasal).

  go dtí. Eclipsed from the m
  that used to be there. From teach “house”

  go dtí for specific location. Just
  go for countries.

  go dtí an cathair

  toward the city

• seachas used to be a noun (“exception”) and then took
  the genitive. seachas bean bheag “except a
  little woman.” The adjective is still lenited after a feminine noun.

• idir has pronoun forms, but only for the plural (which
  makes sense)

  eadrainn	between us
  eadraibh	between you all
  eatarthu	between them	/ætərə/

  idir “between” — does not lenite. “both, among”
  — lenites; idir chairde “among friends”.

  See Basic
  Irish, p. 188.

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mar “like, as”

mar an mbus	like the bus

mar does not have any prepositional pronouns.

ar /er’/ ← aire. r is slender because it used to be between two
slenderizing vowels. Since it used to end in a vowel, it lenites.

ó has not changed much from pIE.

sult	satisfaction, pleasure, fun
an sult	great pleasure	an “very” can be used with nouns in Irish
rí sult	great pleasure	slang: Lit. “king pleasure”
ró-mhór	too big
dabht	doubt	m4 pl –anna
céad faoin gcéad	100 %

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For more on adjectives see Basic
Irish, p. 169.

Pronouns

Next to verb	Not next to verb (except autonomous form)
tú	thú
sé	é
sí	í
siad	iad

We are not supposed to think of the 2^nd as object vs.
subject, but it often works out that way.

Autonomous form example

glantar seomra	a room is cleaned
glanadh seomra	a room was cleaned
glanfar seomra	a room will be cleaned